In our studio I always tell students not to buy a one-part adhesive for gluing their sculptures together - this is because they are weak and don't make good structural bonds. Sometimes they can be useful when getting two objects fused temporarily, while using a long-cure epoxy. I explain that they want a 2-part epoxy since you have a resin and catalyst to form a chemical bond - which generally forms some of the strongest bonds without welding or fusing the objects with heat. I also explain that the clear epoxies tend to be weaker compared to opaque epoxies, and that the slower it cures the stronger it usually bonds.
We are a big fan of the PC product line and favor PC-7 and PC-11 for critical structural bonds. Usually, the bond is stronger than the clay and when/if you break it there will be clay or glaze stuck to the epoxy proving the clay/glaze breaks first. I just read on the PC website they have a PC Super Epoxy "syringe-type" adhesive that seems legit since it has similar testing strength to the PC7 - I've never seen it on the shelf before but I might have to find some to test. We buy PC products at ACE Hardware - never seen it at any of the big-box Orange/Blue stores.
I've seen students use a plethora of different adhesives and have seen first hand how well some do/don't do what they are purposed for. There are some 2-part "syringe" epoxies seem to hold just OK but usually not so great since they are mostly the clear variety (LocTite brand for example). Things like Gorilla Glue are a joke, not to mention are a PITA in terms of how messy it gets once the glue foams up when reacting with moisture in the air. JB Weld can sometimes work, but it really depends - and the 24hr version is superior in strength. Liquid Nails/construction adhesives don't really work well either unless you're laminating something on a horizontal plane and use a lot of it. I have seen some people have good results with E6000, but the problem with this stuff is the flexibility. 100% silicone works pretty well for sticking to glazed surfaces and is relatively inexpensive - but doesn't apply to every situation. Some students try to come in with Krazy/Super Glue or even hot-glue and I just laugh - chewed bubble gum probably holds better on ceramics.
Side note - I've found one of my preferred "temporary" bonds that can be added to ceramics is "poster putty" or wall tack/museum wax. The stuff works VERY well when placed between the adjoining parts of a piece built in sections and needs to come apart later - works great for eliminating wobbles instead of using shims when the section doesn't quite mate up like you intended. Usually, we'll just roll it in a coil or place pea-size balls where they need to be, and use it like a gasket. I've even held 2-3# ceramic objects on a vertical surface with a marble-size wad of it as a test - held for several days until I removed it (don't recommend for anything you care about falling to the ground

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