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Making Marks

By Robin Hopper

Discovering the Ceramic Surface

Making Marks is about ceramic surface enrichment, the processes used for achieving it, and the thought concepts, idea development and personal research behind it. “Making marks” is a generalized term used through the visual arts when referring to the alteration of any surface by any of the tools that artists employ. In using this term for the title of this book, Hopper is referring to the huge variety of marks that may be achieved through ceramic decoration processes, at any or all of the varied and various stages that the clay object goes through in its transformation from soft, wet, malleable clay to heat-hardened, impermeable ceramic.

 

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Here is some of what you’ll find in Making Marks

In Part I the fundamentals are covered. Before decoration is done, the stages at which the specific process might be done also have to be considered. Will it be done on wet, leather-hard, bone dry or bisque-fired clay, or as an underglaze or even in or after the glaze firing? There are decorative processes for any stage in the cycle. The surface of a ceramic object can be altered at any time, even hundreds or thousands of years after the object was originally made.

While you can visually enhance or destroy a form by what you do to the surface, managing it and getting it to work with the form is an art. For those who have basic training in art and design, the first section may be redundant. For those who don’t, the first five chapters provide a short, basic, art school primer.

Part 2 begins coverage of surface techniques working with plastic and liquid clay processes. The chapters here deal with the process of decoration using graphic tools such as knives, sticks, scalpels, fluting, modeling, sgraffito, expanded spring wires and twisted cutting wires. It then looks at additive and subtractive approaches to surface enrichment, including texture, sprigs, modeling, handbuilding, slip-soaked fibers and washed wax or shellac resist. Additional techniques concern themselves with stamps, terra sigs, texture impressions, Mishima, Hakeme and Onda styles, and colored claywork utilizing Egyptian paste, agateware, neriage, and nerikomi.

In Part 3, Hopper delves into pigment processes. Pigments play a large part in surface decoration, and Hopper covers it thoroughly with chapters on the variables of ceramic colorants and basic suggestions for their use and development, mixing and applications. He then looks at brushes (and sponges) as expressive graphic tools, their various types, the marks they make and their use with pigments. As part of his discussion on pigment processes, he also covers various resists (wax, latex, rubber, petroleum jelly, crayons, candles, etc.) as well as using underglaze pencils pastels, pens and trailers of different types. The section is rounded out with an exploration of spraying, from the simplest spattering of the toothbrush to the complexity of the airbrush.

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Most of us think of glazing first when we think of surfaces, and Hopper covers this critical area in depth as well in Part 4. The various processes of glaze application are shown in this extensive chapter, including brushing, dipping, double dipping, pouring, spraying, trailing, multiple glaze application and glaze intaglio.

In the final part, Hopper discusses firing and post-firing processes that affect the surface. The effect that various types of firing have on both body and glaze are looked at from the inert atmosphere of the electric kiln through primitive firing, general reduction and post-firing reduction to the flame markings and fluid glaze of wood firing. A surface can be altered in a variety of ways, either as a special quality in itself, or in conjunction with other surface development methods. Other detailed information is also included on salt and soda firing; altering the fired surface in the bisque or glaze state with sandblasting, cutting and acid etching; and taking work through multiple firings to add decals, lusters, china paints and overglaze enamels.

The key to achieving excellence in ceramic artwork lies in the strength of vision of the maker and the technical ability to carry it through from concept to reality. Hopper draws on his many connections with other talented artists to show how they used their special abilities in different variations of process that convey the breadth of possibilities the ceramic medium offers.

It takes a great deal of tenacity to work through the many technical problems inherent in clay, however, when enough attention and understanding are given to their important aspects, the doors open to limitless potential and variation. Each variation of surface enrichment adds to your vocabulary and increases your ability to create poetry from mundane, earthy materials.

“This is a book about options, ideas and the use of tools. It is largely the approach to the ceramic surface that determines the ultimate personality of the work that is done.” – Robin Hopper

 

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Here is more of what you’ll find in Making Marks

Part 1: Fundamentals
Chapter 1: Drawing in Two and Three Dimensions
Dry Media
Wet Media
Chapter 2: Sign and Symbol
Chapter 3: Pattern and Space
Pattern
Space
Marking Divisions
Chapter 4: Color Theory
Color Physics
Color Schemes
Chapter 5: Color and the Ceramic Surface
Construction of a Ceramic Glaze
A State of Flux

Part 2: Plastic and Liquid Clay Processes
Chapter 6: Marks of Slash, Scratch, Carve and Cut
Tools and Methods
Cutting
Carving, Surface Expansion
Tearing
Fluting
Faceting
Sgraffito
Saw Blades, Cut Kidneys, Texture Tools
Piercing
Cleaning
Chapter 7: Marks of Addition and Removal
Modeling
Sprigging
Dipping and Draping
Washed Wax
Burn-Aways
Sandblasting
Chapter 8: Marks of Impression
Stamps, by Lana Wilson
Sticks, Wood and Bones
Fossils, Seashells, Nutshells, Etc.
Stone
Linocuts, Woodcuts, and Routered Boards
Circuitry Boards, Carved Textile Printing, Blocks and Grocery Trays
Carved Bisque Molds
Roulette Wheels, Textured Rollers and Rolling Pins
Paddles, Stings, and Ropes
Plastic Mesh Screens
Silhouettes and Shoeprints
Etcetera
Chapter 9: Marks of Liquid Clays
Terra Sigillatas
Slips and Engobes
Mocha Diffusions
Engobes or Underglazes
Casting Slips on Greenware
Chapter 10: Marks of Colored Clay
Egyptian Paste
Neriage and Nerikome
Color in Clays
Mixing Colored Clays
Finishing and Glazing Colored Clays

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Part 3: Pigment Processes
Chapter 11: The Ceramic Spectrum and Electric Palette
Hot to Trot
Play It Cool
Mood Indigo
Fired Up, Wired Up
Patination
Chapter 12: The Mark of the Brush and Soft Stamp
Brushes
Making Dots
Brushes and Resists
Banding or Decorating Wheels
Preparing Pigment for Brushwork
Preparing the Surface for Brushwork
Soft Stamps
Chapter 13: Marks of Resistance
Petroleum-Based Resists: Hot Wax, Wax Crayons, Candles, etc.
Rubber-based Resists
Acrylic Sheet and Screening
Fiber Products
Chapter 14: Marks of Pencils, Crayons, Pens, and Trailers
Ceramic Pencils
Underglaze Pens
Watercolors
Trailers
Chapter 15: The Mark of the Spray
Compressed Air Spraying
Spray Booths
Spraying Casting Slips on Greenware
Spraying Glazes

Part 4: Glaze Processes
Chapter 16: Marks of the Glaze and Its Application
Brushing and Roller Coating
Dipping
Pouring
Spraying
Stippling
Spattering
Sponging
Trailing
Multiple Glaze Application
Glaze Removal Processes

Part 5: Firing and Post-firing Processes

Chapter 17: Marks of Heat, Flame, and Smoke
Object Placement
Chapter 18: Marks of Vapor and Fume
Salt/Soda Firing
Wood Firing
Flashing and Fuming
Chapter 19: Marks of Fired Surface
Sandblasting, Grit-Blasting, Air-Erasing
Acid Etching
Drill Engraving
Chapter 20: Marks of Multiple Firing
Post-Glaze Firing Decorating Techniques
Enamels
Ceramic Decals
Lusters
Cold F
inishes
Arabic, Islamic or Reduction Lusters
Resinate Lusters
Gold Leafing Methods
Chapter 21: Marks of the Maker
Landscape Series: Slab/Thrown Porcelain Bottle
Footed Vase: Mocha Diffusions on Porcelain
Wide Feather Basket Bowl
Faceted Three-Color Porcelain Agateware
Lidded Jar: Chado Series, Kama Form
Trifoot Plate: Southwest Series
Basket Form: Clematis Series
Chapter 22: Marks of Excellence

 

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